This article provides an in-depth analysis of the X-ray detectors used in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), starting from the simplest technologies such as radiographic films and scintillators, up to the most innovative systems including solid-state detectors, perovskite sensors, and photon counting detectors.
The physics underlying their operation is explored, followed by an overview of applications in industrial, medical, aerospace, security, and cultural heritage fields.
Significant attention is devoted to emerging technologies such as superconducting nanowire detectors (SNSPDs), free electron lasers (XFELs), and artificial intelligence for automated analysis.
The article concludes with reflections on the technical challenges and future prospects of X-ray detectors in improving precision, reliability, and automation in NDT.

X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) is an advanced non-destructive testing technology for inspecting aerospace and industrial turbine blades. It provides high-resolution three-dimensional analysis, detecting internal defects such as cracks or porosity. When integrated with artificial intelligence, it enhances predictive maintenance and operational efficiency. Despite high initial costs, CT is the most effective standard to ensure the safety, quality, and performance of critical components.

Tomographic techniques, originally developed for medical use, have been adapted for non-destructive testing (NDT) in industry.
Using X-rays, these technologies create detailed 3D images, revealing internal defects in materials. Essential for ensuring quality and safety, they enable in-depth analysis of critical components such as gas turbines and automotive engines. In addition to identifying defects, they provide crucial data for predictive maintenance, reducing downtime and maintenance costs. With applications in research, development, and production, these techniques are revolutionizing manufacturing processes and improving the reliability of industrial products.