
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the X-ray detectors used in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), starting from the simplest technologies such as radiographic films and scintillators, up to the most innovative systems including solid-state detectors, perovskite sensors, and photon counting detectors.
The physics underlying their operation is explored, followed by an overview of applications in industrial, medical, aerospace, security, and cultural heritage fields.
Significant attention is devoted to emerging technologies such as superconducting nanowire detectors (SNSPDs), free electron lasers (XFELs), and artificial intelligence for automated analysis.
The article concludes with reflections on the technical challenges and future prospects of X-ray detectors in improving precision, reliability, and automation in NDT.
The physics underlying their operation is explored, followed by an overview of applications in industrial, medical, aerospace, security, and cultural heritage fields.
Significant attention is devoted to emerging technologies such as superconducting nanowire detectors (SNSPDs), free electron lasers (XFELs), and artificial intelligence for automated analysis.
The article concludes with reflections on the technical challenges and future prospects of X-ray detectors in improving precision, reliability, and automation in NDT.

La tomografia computerizzata a raggi-X è una tecnologia fondamentale per il controllo non distruttivo degli pneumatici, permettendo di analizzare con precisione la struttura interna e individuare difetti come delaminazioni, inclusioni d’aria e anomalie nei materiali compositi. Grazie a sistemi avanzati, è possibile effettuare analisi tridimensionali anche sotto carico reale, ottimizzando la progettazione e migliorando la qualità produttiva. L’integrazione con intelligenza artificiale e stampa 3D accelera l’innovazione, riduce costi e tempi di sviluppo, e favorisce la sostenibilità ambientale, garantendo pneumatici più sicuri, performanti e personalizzati.

Tomographic techniques, originally developed for medical use, have been adapted for non-destructive testing (NDT) in industry.
Using X-rays, these technologies create detailed 3D images, revealing internal defects in materials. Essential for ensuring quality and safety, they enable in-depth analysis of critical components such as gas turbines and automotive engines. In addition to identifying defects, they provide crucial data for predictive maintenance, reducing downtime and maintenance costs. With applications in research, development, and production, these techniques are revolutionizing manufacturing processes and improving the reliability of industrial products.
Using X-rays, these technologies create detailed 3D images, revealing internal defects in materials. Essential for ensuring quality and safety, they enable in-depth analysis of critical components such as gas turbines and automotive engines. In addition to identifying defects, they provide crucial data for predictive maintenance, reducing downtime and maintenance costs. With applications in research, development, and production, these techniques are revolutionizing manufacturing processes and improving the reliability of industrial products.

Le tecniche tomografiche, sviluppate per uso medico, sono state adattate per i controlli non distruttivi (NDT) nell'industria. Utilizzando raggi-X, queste tecnologie creano immagini tridimensionali dettagliate, rivelando difetti interni nei materiali. Essenziali per garantire qualità e sicurezza, permettono analisi approfondite di componenti critici come turbine a gas e motori automobilistici. Oltre all'identificazione dei difetti, forniscono dati cruciali per la manutenzione predittiva, riducendo i tempi di fermo e i costi di manutenzione. Con applicazioni nella ricerca, sviluppo e produzione, queste tecniche stanno rivoluzionando i processi produttivi e migliorando l'affidabilità dei prodotti industriali.